Sex hormone concentrations, particularly testosterone, are primary determinants of sex-based differences in athletic and sports performance, and this relationship may inform fair competition and participation for athletes. This course describes the sex-based dichotomy in testosterone and the…
Key Points:
Exercise training has generally beneficial effects on vascular outcomes, with exercise characterized by the FITT principles
methodological framework (frequency, intensity, time, and type)
Hormonal contraceptives have varying effects on vascular outcomes, dependent, in part, on contraceptive type (dose and frequency), route of administration, and duration of use
This review draws parallels between research on exercise training and hormonal contraceptives, focusing on the standardization of future hormonal contraceptive research using the FITT principles as a methodological framework
Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews 51(3):p 85-95, July 2023. | DOI: 10.1249/JES.0000000000000317
